'INSTINCTS AND THEIR VICISSITUDES' Written between March 15 and April 4, 1915, and immediately published, Instincts and Their Vicissitudes opens the 'collection which I originally intended to publish in book form under the title 'Preliminaries to a Metapsychology.' The intention of the series is to clarify and carry deeper the theoretical assumptions on which a psycho-analytic system could be founded' (Freud, 1917d, p. The previous year, 1914, Freud's introduction of narcissism and of the ego as a libidinally cathected agency altered the dynamics of the psychic conflict between sexual drives and ego drives (self-preservation), leading to 'the second step in the theory of the drives' (1920g).
Instincts and Vicissitudes - Download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read. AND THEIR VICISSITUDES 563 Yet the war proved a boon to Freud in one.
In 1924 Freud grouped 'Instincts and Their Vicissitudes' with the 'Metapsychology' collection of twelve essays, five of which were published. The first translations appeared in Spanish in 1924, in English in 1925, in French in 1936, in Italian in 1972, and in Portuguese in 1974. Freud began elaborating his metapsychology under the notion of the dynamics of the psyche. He established the drive as a concept. Prior to this he had been theorizing about one or more drives. The continuing pressure of the drive, as a 'measure of the demand for work that it represents,' became the 'very essence' of the drive (Freud, 1915c, p. Freud then theorized about the complex relationships among autoeroticism, the sexual drives, narcissism, and the dynamic genesis of the ego.
The sexual drives, early defenses belonging to narcissistic organization, have two destinies that result in the work demanded by the drive: reversal in the opposite direction and turning against the self. The former destiny splits into another two movements: turning a drive away from activity toward passivity, which combines with turning against the self, and reversing content, the only instance of which is the transformation of love and hate. Freud's study (1915c) then gives a new analysis of sadism/masochism, voyeurism/exhibitionism, and love/hate as pairs of opposites. The opposition of pairs is an evolving process that starts from autoeroticism as a narcissistic formation. This opposition is subject to the active, reflective, and passive expressions of the drives, from which objects and a 'new subject' emerge. The genesis of the ego thus contributes to the biological polarity of psychic life, activity/passivity, which is expressed in the ambivalence of the drive impulses.
Love and hate introduce ambivalence of feeling. Again, the opposition proves complex. Freud explained how the opposition depends on the economic polarity of pleasure/unpleasure and the real polarity of ego/external reality in the dynamics of the psyche. Loving follows from pleasure; hating from unpleasure. The initial ego/reality opposition (or internal/external reality opposition) differentiates internal and external according to a sound objective criterion —the internal being the continuing pressure of the drive, which is inescapable, and the external being subtle stimuli that can be avoided. This opposition mutates into a purified-pleasure-ego under the influence of the pleasure principle in the narcissistic position. Then ego and pleasure correspond, and external world and unpleasure correspond.
'At the very beginning, it seems, the external world, objects, and what is hated are identical' (1915c, p. Freud then demonstrates the role of hate as a constituent in affirming and preserving the ego, as well as the autonomy of hate in relation to love. Citation styles Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites.
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Human Thermodynamics HT the study of matter and energy transformations in human life processes. Dorothea Helen Ball 19162006 Dorothea was born in in Lenzie, just outside Glasgow, the eldest of three children. Her father died soon after her birth, and her. Structural model Id, ego, and superego.
The concept of id impulses comes from Sigmund Freuds model. According to this theory, id impulses are based on. The of motivation has a long tradition and history in psychology. In fact, we consider that, to a certain extent, understanding the history of. Ego psychology Wikipedia.
Ego psychology is a school of psychoanalysis rooted in Sigmund Freuds structural id ego superego model of the mind. An individual interacts with the external world as well as responds to internal forces. Many psychoanalysts use a theoretical construct called the ego to explain how that is done through various ego functions. Adherents of ego psychology focus on the egos normal and pathological development, its management of libidinal and aggressive impulses, and its adaptation to reality. 1HistoryeditEarly conceptions of the egoeditSigmund Freud initially considered the ego to be a sense organ for perception of both external and internal stimuli.
He thought of the ego as synonymous with consciousness and it with the repressedunconscious. 1, he referenced ego instincts for the first time in Formulations on the Two Principles of Mental Functioning and contrasted them with sexual instincts ego instincts responded to the reality principle while sexual instincts obeyed the pleasure principle. He also introduced attention and memory as ego functions. Freuds ego psychologyeditFreud began to notice that not all unconscious phenomena could be attributed to the id it appeared as if the ego had unconscious aspects as well. This posed a significant problem for his topographic theory, which he resolved in his monograph The Ego and the Id 1. In what came to be called the structural theory, the ego was now a formal component of a three way system that also included the id and superego. The ego was still organized around conscious perceptual capacities, yet it now had unconscious features responsible for repression and other defensive operations.
Freuds ego at this stage was relatively passive and weak he described it as the helpless rider on the ids horse, more or less obliged to go where the id wished to go. 3In Freuds 1. Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety, he revised his theory of anxiety as well as delineated a more robust ego. Freud argued that instinctual drives id, moral and value judgments superego, and requirements of external reality all make demands upon an individual. The ego mediates among conflicting pressures and creates the best compromise. Instead of being passive and reactive to the id, the ego was now a formidable counterweight to it, responsible for regulating id impulses, as well as integrating an individuals functioning into a coherent whole.
The modifications made by Freud in Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety formed the basis of a psychoanalytic psychology interested in the nature and functions of the ego. This marked the transition of psychoanalysis from being primarily an id psychology, focused on the vicissitudes of the libidinal and aggressive drives as the determinants of both normal and psychopathological functioning, to a period in which the ego was accorded equal importance and was regarded as the prime shaper and modulator of behavior. 4SystematizationeditFollowing Sigmund Freud, the psychoanalysts most responsible for the development of ego psychology, and its systematization as a formal school of psychoanalytic thought, were Anna Freud, Heinz Hartmann, and David Rapaport. Other important contributors included Ernst Kris, Rudolph Loewenstein, Ren Spitz, Margaret Mahler, Edith Jacobson, and Erik Erikson.
Anna FreudeditAnna Freud focused her attention on the egos unconscious, defensive operations and introduced many important theoretical and clinical considerations. In The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense 1.
Anna Freud argued the ego was predisposed to supervise, regulate, and oppose the id through a variety of defenses. She described the defenses available to the ego, linked them to the stages of psychosexual development during which they originated, and identified various psychopathological compromise formations in which they were prominent. Clinically, Anna Freud emphasized that the psychoanalysts attention should always be on the defensive functions of the ego, which could be observed in the manifest presentation of the patients associations.
The analyst needed to be attuned to the moment by moment process of what the patient talked about in order to identify, label, and explore defenses as they appeared. For Anna Freud, direct interpretation of repressed content was less important than understanding the egos methods by which it kept things out of consciousness. 5 Her work provided a bridge between Freuds structural theory and ego psychology.
6Heinz HartmanneditHeinz Hartmann 1. These included perception, attention, memory, concentration, motor coordination, and language. Under normal conditions, what Hartmann called an average expectable environment, these capacities developed into ego functions and had autonomy from the libidinal and aggressive drives that is, they were not products of frustration and conflict, as Freud 1. Hartmann recognized, however, that conflicts were part of the human condition and certain ego functions may become conflicted by aggressive and libidinal impulses, as witnessed by conversion disorders e. Through Hartmanns focus on ego functions, and how an individual adapts to his or her environment, he worked to create both a general psychology and a clinical instrument with which an analyst could evaluate an individuals functioning and formulate appropriate therapeutic interventions.
Based on Hartmanns propositions, the task of the ego psychologist was to neutralize conflicted impulses and expand the conflict free spheres of ego functions. The Top 50 greatest nonfiction books of all time determined by 114 lists and articles from various critics, authors and experts. Un cuidadoso anlisis de la obra central de Schopenhauer, El mundo como voluntad y representacin, muestra que muchas de las ideas ms caractersticas de. Cambridge Core History of Philosophy Freud by Joel Whitebook.
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By doing so, Hartmann believed psychoanalysis facilitated an individuals adaptation to his or her environment. Hartmann claimed, however, that his aim was to understand the mutual regulation of the ego and environment rather than to promote adjustment of the ego to the environment. Furthermore, an individual with a less conflicted ego would be better able to actively respond to and shape, rather than passively react to, his or her environment. Mitchell and Black 1. Hartmann powerfully affected the course of psychoanalysis, opening up a crucial investigation of the key processes and vicissitudes of normal development. Hartmanns contributions broadened the scope of psychoanalytic concerns, from psychopathology to general human development, from an isolated, self contained treatment method to a sweeping intellectual discipline among other disciplines p.
David RapaporteditDavid Rapaport played a prominent role in the development of ego psychology and his work likely represented its apex. 4 In Rapaports influential monograph The Structure of Psychoanalytic Theory 1. According to Rapaport, psychoanalytic theoryas expressed through the principles of ego psychologywas a biologically based general psychology that could explain the entire range of human behavior. 7 For Rapaport, this endeavor was fully consistent with Freuds attempts to do the same e. Freuds studies of dreams, jokes, and the psychopathology of everyday life. Other contributorseditWhile Hartmann was the principal architect of ego psychology, he collaborated closely with Ernst Kris and Rudolph Loewenstein. 8Subsequent psychoanalysts interested in ego psychology emphasized the importance of early childhood experiences and socio cultural influences on ego development.
Margaret Mahler 1. Edith Jacobson 1. Erik Erikson studied infant and child behavior and their observations were integrated into ego psychology.